After DAB substrate treatment, the nuclei of positive cells were light yellow (weak positivity) or tan (positive), and the micrographs showed representative CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ T lymphocytes and IELs ( Figures?7ACD , as indicated from the black arrow). significantly up-regulated under the activation of recombinant bacteriophage. These effects are important for the balance of Th1/Th2-like reactions. In summary, our results suggest that recombinant RB like a feed additive provides a new strategy for the development of novel and safe mucosal subunit vaccines. Keywords: (of the family. The genotypes primarily include and (1). and are pathogenic, and is the main CDKN1B epidemic genotype. In addition, is one of the smallest known animal viruses (about 17nm), with an icosahedral structure and single-stranded bad DNA genome without a viral envelope. The full-length DNA of is about 1700 bp, and its major open reading frames (ORFs) are orf1 and orf2 (2). Orf1 encodes two replication-related proteins (rep and rep), and orf2 encodes viral capsid protein-typing (3, 4). protein is the main antigen protein that induces the production c-Fms-IN-1 of protein is commonly used in the development of subunit vaccines and the detection of can be divided into numerous genotypes (gene like a vaccine candidate in the current epidemic (7). illness is usually accompanied by a decrease in lymphocytes or monocytes, which further prospects to immunosuppression of the sponsor (8). often causes Post-weaning Multisystemic Losing Syndrome (PMWS), Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome (PDNS), Congenital Tremor, Proliferative and Necrotizing Pneumonia (PNP), Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC), reproductive disorders (past due abortion) and other diseases, with large morbidity and mortality (9). In the medical center, often forms multiple infections with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Disease (PRRSV), Classical Swine Fever Disease (CSFV), Porcine Parvovirus (PPV) and Porcine Pseudorabies Disease (PRV). In addition, porcine circovirus often forms secondary co-infection with and illness. The use of vaccines is an important strategy to prevent and treat illness. The main commercial vaccines in medical use at this stage are whole disease inactivated vaccines and subunit vaccines, which have played an important part in the prevention and control of on porcine lymphoid cells, reduce viremia, and significantly decrease the replication level of in pigs. Vaccination with different commercial inactivated vaccines reduced the mortality of PCV2-infected piglets by an average of 72% (11C13). Inactivated vaccines are widely used because of their security, ease of production, genetic stability. A large number of studies have confirmed that the initial illness of mainly happens within the mucosal surface, especially in the respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract (14C16). 1st reaches the lung and small intestinal mucosa after illness the c-Fms-IN-1 nose and gastrointestinal routes. In the intestine it attacks Peyers patches, induces accelerated apoptosis of lymphocytes and causes immunosuppression. In addition, a large amount of intestinal mucosa is definitely shed and necrosis happens, and the intestinal mucosa loses its immune barrier function, which is a reason why is definitely prone to co-infection with additional pathogens. However, most licensed vaccines administered from the parenteral route do not induce protecting mucosal immunity. This may only protect medical diseases but cannot eliminate illness at local mucosal invasion sites (17). And most commercial vaccines do not induce both c-Fms-IN-1 humoral and cellular immunity in the body. Thus, it is necessary to develop a more effective mucosal vaccine against illness in pigs. (for the first time and induced a specific immune response. At present, the surface display technology of B. subtilis has been successfully applied to the immunization of (19), (20), (21), and (22). Mucosal vaccines have more routes of immunity than traditional injectable vaccines, including oral, eye-drop and intranasal immunization. It is easy to operate, has low cost and has little activation to the sponsor in medical applications. In addition, oral vaccines based on spore surface display technology can deliver antigens through the mucosal route c-Fms-IN-1 and induce systemic and mucosal immune reactions. Spores of can regulate the balance of Th1 and Th2 immune reactions, and spores have good immunoadjuvant function (23, 24). These studies suggest that natural, non-pathogenic and non-symbiotic spores of induce and enhance immune reactions, and have great potential for future medical applications. In this study, the recombinant RB which displayed protein on the surface of spores was successfully constructed. The fusion gene was integrated into the genome of 168 using the integrative plasmid pDG364. In addition, we evaluated the specific immune response induced by RB inside a mouse model and further analyzed c-Fms-IN-1 the immune adjuvant effect of the recombinant spores. The above work.