The indirect pathway, rather than the direct pathway, appears to have a greater role in mediating caffeine-induced modulation of locomotion. Mouse monoclonal antibody to Rab2. Members of the Rab protein family are nontransforming monomeric GTP-binding proteins of theRas superfamily that contain 4 highly conserved regions involved in GTP binding and hydrolysis.Rabs are prenylated, membrane-bound proteins involved in vesicular fusion and trafficking. Themammalian RAB proteins show striking similarities to the S. cerevisiae YPT1 and SEC4 proteins,Ras-related GTP-binding proteins involved in the regulation of secretion F2 mice; and 4) the activating effect of SCH 58261 in KO mice is definitely prevented by prior treatment with the D2R antagonist raclopride. Significance These findings support the conclusions that 1) A2AAR has a major impact on behavioral activation of p50 KO mice, and 2) D2R mediated neurotransmission is critical to this effect. for 10 minutes. The lower phase was cautiously aspirated and transferred to a collection glass tube. This extraction process was performed for two additional instances. The D-Luciferin three organic phases were pooled (total volume of about 15 ml) and evaporated by heating to 55C58 C in water bath under aeration with nitrogen gas inside a chemical fume hood. Residues remaining in the tubes were suspended in 300 l of mobile phase (a mixture of methanol and 1% acetic acid at a percentage of 17:83) for analysis by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) relating to published methods (Jeppesen et al., 1996; Kaplan et al., 1989). Prior to analysis by HPLC, serum samples were diluted at percentage of 1 1:5 with mobile phase. Serum samples and re-suspended mind extract were both filtered through 0.2 M syringe filters. Samples (100 l) were then assayed for caffeine by HPLC using a Shimadzu SCL-10A VP HPLC system with a Finding RP-Amide C16 Supelguard pre-filter cartridge (Supelco Cat# 505080) and a Finding RP-Amide C16 column (Supelco Cat# 505013, 15cm 4.6 mm). The circulation rate was 1ml/minute under a pressure of 760 mmHg. The run time for each sample was quarter-hour. A set of requirements comprising both caffeine and 7–hydroxytheophylline was assayed with each set of samples. Data from these requirements were used to determine areas under the curve, which were used to construct a standard curve that was used to determine the amount of caffeine and 7–hydroxytheophylline (internal standard) in the sera and mind samples. Final caffeine concentrations are indicated as g/ml of serum and ng/g of gross mind excess weight. Western blot analysis of dopamine transporter (DAT) in mouse striatum F2 and p50 KO mice (8 each) were euthanized by cervical dislocation D-Luciferin under isoflurane anesthesia. Mind were immediately eliminated and immersed into liquid nitrogen for 6 mere seconds. Brains were then removed, the striata were rapidly dissected out on an ice-cold surface, immediately snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored ?80C until control. For Western blot analysis, striata were sonicated in 750 L of RIPA buffer (20mM Tris, pH 7.5, 150mM NaCL, 1% nonidet P-40, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 1mM EDTA, 0.1% SDS) containing D-Luciferin a protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO.). Homogenates were centrifuged at 10,000 g for 10 min. at 4C, and protein concentration of supernatants identified using the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay (Thermo-Fisher Scientific, Rockford, IL). Equivalent amounts of protein (30 g) from each sample were loaded onto 10% polyacrylamide gels. The proteins were D-Luciferin separated by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes (Towbin et al., 1979). DAT protein was detected using a 1:1000 dilution of a rabbit polyclonal antibody (PhosphoSolutions, Aurora, CO.). A mouse monoclonal anti-actin (diluted 1:5000; Sigma-Aldrich) was used to estimate the total amount of protein loaded within the gel. Antibody binding was exposed using goat anti-rabbit or rabbit anti-mouse HRP-linked IgG (diluted 1:5000) and the ECL immunoblotting detection system (GE Healthcare Existence Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA). Chemiluminescence was recognized using the LAS-4000 and mage analysis was carried out using Multi Guage V3.0 software (FujiFilm Life Technology, Woodbridge, CT). The molecular excess weight markers were much darker than the bands for DAT and were therefore removed from the gel prior to exposure for DAT (i.e., a 10 sec exposure was utilized for the molecular excess weight ladder, whereas a 600.